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- **************************
- * Disintegrins signature *
- **************************
-
- Disintegrins [1,2] are snake venom proteins which inhibit fibrinogen
- interaction with platelet receptors expressed on the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa
- complex. They act by binding to the integrin glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor on
- the platelet surface and inhibit aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin,
- platelet-activating factor and collagen.
-
- Disintegrins are peptides of about 70 amino acid residues that contain many
- cysteines all involved in disulfide bonds [3]. Disintegrins contain an Arg-
- Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, a recognition site of many adhesion proteins. The RGD
- sequence of disintegrins is postulated to interact with the glycoprotein IIb-
- IIIa complex.
-
- The sequences of disintegrins from different snake species are known. These
- proteins are known as: albolabrin, applagin, barbourin, batroxostatin,
- bitistatin, echistatin, elegantin, eristicophin, flavoridin, halysin, kistrin,
- tergeminin and triflavin.
-
- Some other proteins are known to contain a disintegrin domain:
-
- - Some snake venom zinc metalloproteinases [4] consist of an N-terminal
- catalytic domain fused to a disintegrin domain. Such is the case for
- trimerelysin I (HR1B), atrolysin e (Ht-e) and trigramin. It has been
- suggested that these proteinases are able to cleave themselves from the
- disintegrin domains and that the latter may arise from such a post-
- translational processing.
- - The beta-subunit of guinea pig sperm surface protein PH30 [5]. PH30 is a
- protein involved in sperm-egg fusion. The beta subunit contains a
- disintegrin at the N-terminal extremity.
- - Mammalian epididymial protein 1 (EAP I) [6]. EAP I is associated with the
- sperm membrane and may play a role in sperm maturation. Structurally, EAP I
- consists of an N-terminal domain, followed by a zinc metalloproteinase
- domain, a disintegrin domain, and a large C-terminal domain that contains a
- transmembrane region.
-
- The schematic representation of the structure of a typical disintegrin is
- shown below:
-
- +---+
- +--------+ +----|---|--------------------+
- | | | | | |
- xxxxxCxCxxxxxxCCxxxxCxxxxxxxCxxxxCCxxCxxxxxxxxCxxxRGDxxxxxCxxxxxxCxxxxxxx
- | | | ******|***********|* |
- +-------+ +-------------+ +------------------+
-
- 'C': conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.
- '*': position of the pattern.
-
- As a signature pattern for disintegrins, we selected a conserved central
- region that contains five of the cysteines involved in disulfide bonds.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-x(2)-G-x-C-C-x-[NQRS]-C-x-[FM]-x(6)-C-[RK]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
- -Last update: December 1992 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Williams J., Rucinski B., Holt J., Niewiarowski S.
- Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1039:81-89(1990).
- [ 2] Dennis M.S., Henzel W.J., Pitti R.M., Lipari M.T., Napier M.A.,
- Deisher T.A., Bunting S., Lazarus R.A.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:2471-2475(1990).
- [ 3] Calvete J.J., Schaefer W., Soszka T., Lu W., Cook J.J., Jameson B.A.,
- Niewiarowski S.
- Biochemistry 30:5225-5229(1991).
- [ 4] Hite L.A., Fox J.W., Bjarnason J.B.
- Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 373:381-385(1992).
- [ 5] Blobel C.P., Wolfsberg T.G., Turck C.W., Myles D.G., Primakoff P.,
- White J.M.
- Nature 356:248-252(1992).
- [ 6] Perry A.C.F., Jones R., Barker P.J., Hall L.
- Biochem. J. 286:671-675(1992).
-